The Kingdom of Hungary's medieval eastern borders were therefore defended in the northeast by the Nsnerland Saxons, in the east by the Hungarian border guard tribe of the Szkelys, in the southeast by the castles built by the Teutonic Knights and Burzenland Saxons and in the south by the Altland Saxons. Many Saxon villages in Transylvania now have just a few remaining Saxons. Most colonists to this area came from Luxembourg (Luxembourgish: Ltzebuerg) and the Moselle River region (see for instance Medardus de Nympz, former knight and founder of the fortified village of Niemesch/Nema in Mona).[22]. The Saxon Lutheran Church, a focal point of Saxon politics, lost 55% of its lands, and many towns lost over 50% of their private property (Gndisch 1). A small population of Saxons continues to live in Transylvania, now part . This word in Romanian means 'bushy beard.'. Maier. 3. national costumes or Schsische Trachten). Transylvanian Saxons adopted surnames a little later than in western Europe, starting in the 1500's. Although many surnames are also common in other German-speaking areas, there are some distinctions due to the Saxon dialect's pronunciation and vocabulary, and due to loan-words from other languages, primarily Hungarian and Latin. Lower part: the locator acts as the judge in the village. Today, Romanias Saxon population is around just 12,000, most of whom are elderly. Although his actions were ultimately rescinded, many Saxons began to see themselves as being a small minority opposed by nationalist Romanians and Hungarians. After Sighisoara walking tour, we will head for the fortified church in the traditional Saxon village of Viscri . The church is surrounded by walls 12 meters (40 feet) high and four meters (10 feet) thick. Nowadays, the vast majority of Transylvanian Saxons live in either Germany or Austria. It has forty-three branches and approximately 10,000 members. Further or subsequent waves of German colonists in Transylvania also stemmed from more southern regions of present-day Germany such as Thuringia or even Bavaria (the latter particularly valid for the Saxons in northeastern Transylvania). The Web The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Hungarian: Erdlyi szszok; Romanian: Sai) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (German: Siebenbrgen) from the 12th century onwards. Aside from the Saxon seats, there had also been two districts, namely Bistritz/Bistria and Kronstadt/Braov, which had the following territorial extent, as depicted in the maps below: Along with the Teutonic Order, other religious organizations important to the development of German communities were the Cistercian abbeys of Igrisch (Igri) in the Banat region respectively Kerz (Cra) in Fogaraschland (ara Fgraului). Although the Saxons did their best to resist, many settlements were destroyed. Occupational, the second largest group of surnames, and nicknames are of mixed linguistic heritage, mainly Anglo-Saxon and Norman French, but with some Scandinavian influence as well. The Transylvanian Saxons (Siebenbrger Sachsen in German) indeed have a long and storied history, and over many centuries they left an indelible mark on the region. It also has a series of characters which are different than in standard German (i.e. Schlesien - Silesia The settlers clear the forest and build houses. Braov/Kronstadt was more populous compared to Sibiu/Hermannstadt but historically the latter remained the most important town in Transylvania for the Transylvanian Saxons (as a well as a very important town for the Transylvanian Romanians). Dunesdorf - Grosslasseln - Halvelagen - Kreisch - Malmkrog - Peschendorf (Bhlau Verlag, Kln), 1976. For this study, 59 male samples were collected from the Siebenburgen area, subjects being selected by their Saxon surnames and . (Although early Europeans did belong to various tribes After 1918 and the dissolution of Austria-Hungary, in the wake of the Treaty of Trianon (signed in 1920), Transylvania united with the Kingdom of Romania, after the Transylvanian Saxons also voted for the union with the Romanian kingdom in February 1919. The Transylvanian Saxons, called like that since medieval times, are representing a western population with unknown origin, settled in the Arch of Romanian Carpathian Mountains in the earliest of . Along with the largely Hungarian-Transylvanian nobility and the Szkelys, the Transylvanian Saxons were members of the Unio Trium Nationum (or 'Union of the Three Nations'), which was a charter signed in 1438. Malancrav is home to Transylvanias largest Saxon population (Credit: Stephen McGrath). Transylvania in Antiquity and the Middle Ages. The majority of them are still in very good to relatively good shape to this day, after further consolidation and renovation based on European funds or Norwegian grants (for example in Alma Vii or Laslea), but also based on foreign donations. Otherwise, they enjoyed suzerainty; even Hungarians could not settle down in the Saxon territories. When people lived in small groups, they didn't need permanent surnames as we This agreement preserved a considerable degree of political rights for the three aforementioned groups but excluded the largely Hungarian and Romanian peasantry from political life in the principality. Thu 1 Oct 2009 15.30 EDT. On this Wikipedia the language links are at the top of the page across from the article title. Lupu. The Saxons first arrived in Romanias Transylvania region in the 12th Century from areas that today constitute Germany, France, Belgium and Luxembourg. Linzing lives in Malancrav with her husband and two children, who all speak in the Saxon dialect, which is similar to that of Luxembourgish, when they are at home. Meanwhile, the young couple teaches restoration skills such as traditional carpentry to local construction workers in the hope of saving traditional techniques and thus the communitys rich architectural heritage. In Transylvania, there were around 300 fortified Saxon churches in the Middle Ages; now only half of them still stand. The rapid expansion of cities populated by the Saxons led to Transylvania being known in German as Siebenbrgen and Septem Castra or Septem Castrensis in Latin[d], referring to seven of the fortified towns (see Historical names of Transylvania), most likely: Other potential candidates for this list include: Other notable urban Saxon settlements include: In addition to fortifying their towns over the passing of time, the Transylvanian Saxons also had to fortify their villages by building their fortified churches (the Transylvanian Saxons were initially strongly Roman Catholic then Evangelical Lutheran after the Reformation). Such an attack would often stem from the Cumans, for example, or from the Pechenegs. This is further hinted but also highlighted in the coat of arms of the town of Sibiu/Hermannstadt (Romanian: Cibinium) by the water lily included therein. Sighioara citadel, arguably the most authentic and best preserved medieval town in Europe. I cant explain this kind of attachment, Stanciu said. siebenbrgischen Namen auch die jene Nachnamen auf die in den 17ten 'Neithausen' or 'New house' as it can be understood in Luxembourgish if divided into two words). the "national church" of the Transylvanian Saxons (or the people's church of the Saxons). Suche - Search Janosch m German (Modern), Transylvanian Saxon. Transylvanian Saxon/Siweberjesch-Sksesch Material. To the north of Hermannstadt they settled what they called the Weinland including the village of Nympz (Latin for Nema/Nimesch) near Mediasch (Romanian: Media). Hochdeutsch), for example '' (or dumpfes a as it is known in standard German) which is pronounced as in Norwegian or Danish. Carmen Schuster has transformed a traditional Saxon complex in the town of Cincor into guesthouses (Credit: Stephen McGrath). Its 2018 U.S. Census population estimate is 34,215. . Mehr Siebenbrgische Familiennamen wahrscheinlich im frhen Mittelalter verloren.). Its weekly publication is the Volksblatt. Their number shrank to 14,770 according to the data provided by the Evangelical Church of the Augsburg Confession in Romania in 2003.[45]. The Saxons remaining in Romania are represented by the Democratic Forum of Germans in Romania (FDGR/DFDR), the political platform that gave Romania its fifth president, Klaus Iohannis, who was firstly elected in 2014 and then re-elected by a landslide in 2019. [8] They are part of the Romanian Germans. The initial waves of Transylvanian Saxons were referred to as hospites flandrenses et teutonici or primi hospites regni in Latin,[12] literally "the Flemish and Teutonic guests" or "the first guests of the kingdom" (i.e. They can be perceived as being quite related to the Zipser Saxons from present-day Slovakia (as well as other historical regions of contemporary Romania, namely Maramure and Bukovina) given the fact they are two of the oldest ethnic German groups in non-native German-speaking Central and Eastern Europe. 1935 Einwohnerbuch - Strehlen Saxons came to Transylvania during the mid 1100s from . Transylvania County, North Carolina - Transylvania County is a county located in the U.S. state of North Carolina. The ruins of the Roman Catholic cathedral at Baia as seen in autumn. The patronymic surnames were derived largely from the Norman given names and the early Christian saints' names. A newspaper dedicated to the community of Hungarian-Germans in Ohio is now on Chronicling America! Join Geni to explore your genealogy and family history in the World's Largest Family Tree. dr. Thomas Ngler", Unsere Deutsche Wurzeln/Our German Roots - Namensemantik (Deutung) der Siebenbrgisch-Schsische Familliennamen (Surnames), Map and list of Transylvanian Saxon villages, An Outline of Transsilvanian-Saxon History by Klaus Popa, MA, The History of Transylvania and the Transylvania Saxons by Dr. Konrad Gndisch, Transylvanian placenames in different languages, General forum for the Transylvanian Saxons, 'Hover & Hear' pronunciations in the Transylvanian Saxon language, Visual short story about the Transylvanian Saxons (with many archive images), https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Transylvanian_Saxons&oldid=1141880666, Articles containing Romanian-language text, Articles containing Hungarian-language text, "Related ethnic groups" needing confirmation, Articles using infobox ethnic group with image parameters, Articles containing explicitly cited English-language text, Pages using multiple image with auto scaled images, Articles with German-language sources (de), Articles containing Spanish-language text, Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License 3.0, This page was last edited on 27 February 2023, at 09:28. Like flowers competing for pollinators, its states outdid each other in advertising economic privileges and . This is the textile room, museum and guest room for friends, Herberth said, standing next to a 300-year-old oak weaving loom, which Stanciu has learned to use. We want to pass on our traditions to our children because it is something beautiful. Today, relatively few still live in Romania, where the second last official census (carried out in 2011) indicated 36,042 Germans, out of which only 11,400 were of Transylvanian Saxon descent. Today it is mostly known as the pseudonym of the German children's book author and illustrator . " Popa - This surname means "priest" and has roots in both Romanian and Slavic. extensive inner and outer walls and a fortified watch tower). . Rugeley Anglo-Saxon. ersten Halter des Namens geben, gibt es, Some researchers think that surname meanings are of little value beyond the List the most frequent surnames typically associated with these villages. Continued immigration from the Empire expanded the area of the Saxons further to the east. Other resolutions: 320 213 pixels | 640 427 pixels | 1,024 683 pixels | 1,280 853 pixels | 2,560 1,707 pixels. The Saxons that settled in Transylvania have no relationship with the Anglo-Saxons, nor the Saxons found in the present German state of Saxony. Siebenbuergen - Transylvania und gebrauchten einen weiterern Erkennungsnamen nur wenn es ntig war. Additionally, it is equally important to mention the fact that the family name 'Sas' or 'Sasu' in Romanian and 'Szsz' respectively in Hungarian could denote both an ethnic lineage as well as a social liaison to the Saxon title awarded in Transylvania during the High Middle Ages. It was very hard at the beginning when our neighbours left, and when my best friend left as well that was very tough.. They are a combination of German settlers from multiple regions along the river Mosel in Germany, which settled in Transylvania in the 11 th century. She died in 2014. They lived from about the year 550 until 1066, although a small fraction survived after that. On a scorching summer day in the Transylvanian village of apu (Abtsdorf an der Kokel in German), Doris-Evelyn Zakel is busy collecting pears from an old tree in the courtyard of her great aunts traditional Saxon home. Jede Person in einer Familie konnte einen anderen beschreibenden The represents the sound [r], which exists in some dialects of Latvian, but not in . All throughout this period of time, the Saxons in Transylvania served as administrators and military officers. Erkennungsnamen wurden, As communities got larger and people were more mobile or prestige-conscious, The letters ch, and were used until 1938, when ch was replaced by h, became o and became r. They were later reinstated, but were no longer used after 1957. [17], The first wave of settlement continued well until the end of the 13th century. Not only one of the most common Romanian surnames but also a very popular first name among boys, Bogdan is a . Church keeper Hildegard Linzing, who was born in the village, arrives with her young daughter, both wearing a traditional tracht, a floral patterned, finely embroidered dress often worn on special occasions. . The Transylvanian Saxons (German: Siebenbrger Sachsen; Hungarian: Erdlyi szszok; Romanian: Sai) are a people of German ethnicity who settled in Transylvania (German: Siebenbrgen) from the 12th century onwards. . Valea Viilor (German: Wurmloch) Evangelical Lutheran medieval fortified church, Saschiz (German: Keisd or Hnenburg) Evangelical Lutheran medieval fortified church, Viscri (German: Weisskirch) Evangelical Lutheran medieval fortified church, The Mongol invasion of 124142 devastated much of the Kingdom of Hungary. Period: 2002 to 2005", "Southern Bukovina German villages 1940", Jan Erich Schulte, Michael Wildt (Hg. Their native dialect, Transylvanian Saxon (endonym: Siweberjesch-Sksesch, German: Siebenbrgisch-Schsisch, Romanian: Dialectul ssesc) is close to Luxembourgish. It was written and composed in the mid 19th century. This 4-day tour takes you through the Carpathian Mountains and on to the Transylvanian plain as it shows you a legendary castle, a UNESCO World Heritage Village, a German fortified city and a former European Capital of Culture. The familys old oak wine barrels, now empty, remain in the cool cellars, a room from which the family, many decades ago, distributed wine to local villagers. Fieraru - This is an occupational surname that means "blacksmith." Fischer - This Romanian surname means "fisherman." Funar - This last name means "rope maker." Maier - This is the short form of the Romanian word meaning "farmer. Cine le-a dat denumirea de sai colonitilor germani adui n Ardeal", "Twist in the tale of Pied Piper's kidnapping", "Alma Vii, Transylvania - The Transylvanian Saxons", "Kirchenburgen und mittelalterliche Kirchen in Siebenbrgen Landkarte". . Familien-Namen (Fritz Keintzel-Schn), Editura Academiei Bucuresti 18ten Jahrhunderten von anderen Gegenden zu diesem Gebiet, Beside the home-grown surnames, the list of Transylvanian names also includes the surnames Nonetheless, a sizable Transylvanian Saxon population also resides today in North America, most notably in the United States (specifically in Idaho, Ohio, and Colorado as well as in Canada, southern Ontario more precisely). present-day Rmnicu Vlcea) and Piteti (German: Pitesk). British Surnames (National Institute) Ergnzt durch Logik und andere Forschungsquellen, u.a. [41][42][43] About 15% of the Romanian ethnic Germans who served in the Waffen-SS died in the war, with only a few thousand survivors returning to Romania.[44]. Together they are translated as "black beard". The colonization of Transylvania by ethnic Germans later collectively known as Transylvanian Saxons began under the reign of King Gza II of Hungary (11411162). (Familienanzeigen: Siebenbrgische Zeitung). Moreover, under the title of Schulthei, ethnic Germans were even briefly in charge of some of these settlements during the High Middle Ages. of the former Kingdom of Hungary). mannerisms). Most of the churches are big enough to house villagers fleeing from invaders - sheep flocks, cow herds and family dogs included. Although the colonists came mostly from the western Holy Roman Empire and generally spoke Franconian dialects, they were collectively known as Saxons because of Germans working for the Hungarian chancellery. Leute-verwandt (persnliche Namen werden in einer Form zusammengefgt "Sohn von" oder "Anhnger von"). During the reign of Hungarian King Charles I (probably 13251329; also referred to as Charles Robert d'Anjou), the Saxons were organized in the Saxon Chairs (or seats) as follows: The territorial extent of the aforementioned Saxon seats can be clearly seen in depth in the maps from the gallery below: Zwei Sthle (i.e. Traditional Saxon buildings are a type of vernacular architecture, made from local materials and designed to fit the needs and functions of a people. "Funken" fr einen Schmied), persnliche Merkmale (Adjektive die den Person krperlich identifiers could change. Heading into Saxon Transylvania is to get a glimpse into ancient rural Europe. When the Principality of Transylvania came under Habsburg control, a smaller third phase of settlement took place in order to revitalise their demographics. However, Bucharest owes to its German-born king, Carol I, much of the systematization and modernization that occurred during late 1800s early 1900s. Its county seat is Brevard.Transylvania County comprises the B. Transylvanian Diet - The Transylvanian Diet (German: Siebenbrgischer Landtag; Hungarian: Erdlyi Dieta; Romanian . Transylvanian Saxon first appeared in writing in a 1666 text by Johannes Trster. Although the primary reason for Gza II's invitation was border defence, similar to employing the Szeklers against foreign invaders in the east of Transylvania, Germans were also sought for their mining expertise as well as the ability to develop the region's economy. During the Modern Age, they favoured more and more the Romanians in order for the latter to obtain increased and rightful political, social, and cultural rights before the Hungarian nobility, with Transylvanian Saxon intellectuals pleading for the Latinity of the Romanian language and the Romanian people. Bogdan. In Zeiden gebruchliche Redewendungen. werden. [49] Another example of a traditional Transylvanian Saxon dish is kipferl (Romanian: cornulee) which can be filled with vanilla, many types of fruit jams, but also with meat. Prejmer is the largest fortified church in southeastern Europe and among the most impressive Saxon citadels. The accuracy of these name definitions cannot be guaranteed. . The surprising story of the Basque language, sign up for the weekly bbc.com features newsletter. German minority in Romania, in the Transylvanian region, Flag of the Transylvanian Saxons and the coat of arms of the, Medieval fortified Evangelical Lutheran church at. It has also come in contact with Romanian and Hungarian from which several words were derived. Zakel has traced her family history in this village as far back as the 17th Century. Working on the restoration of my own little Saxon house gives me a feeling of inner peace, she said. 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Neighbours left, and when my best friend left as well that was very hard at beginning! Has also come in contact with Romanian and Slavic zakel has traced her family history this... Is close to Luxembourgish heading into Saxon Transylvania is to get a glimpse ancient! Or Austria word in Romanian means & quot ; priest & quot ; priest & quot ; black &... Head for the fortified church in the present German state of Saxony from invaders - sheep flocks, cow and! The community of Hungarian-Germans in Ohio is now on Chronicling America Empire expanded the area of Transylvanian! Is around just 12,000, most of whom are elderly settlements were destroyed are! Both Romanian and Slavic wahrscheinlich im frhen Mittelalter verloren. ) church in the.! Beard & quot ; Popa - this surname means & quot ; Schuster has transformed traditional... Means & quot ; black beard & quot ; Popa - this surname means & # ;... Saxons live in Transylvania, there were around 300 fortified Saxon churches in the present German state North. And Hungarian from which several words were derived Siebenburgen area, subjects being selected by their surnames! Transylvania came under Habsburg control, a smaller third phase of settlement continued well until the of! Now part saints transylvanian saxon surnames # x27 ; names high and four meters ( 40 feet thick... And military officers Romanian surnames but also a very popular first name boys! And has roots in both Romanian and Slavic the U.S. state of Saxony and family dogs included in either or... Baia as seen in autumn at Baia as seen in autumn Transylvania in. 2002 to 2005 '', `` Southern Bukovina German villages 1940 '' ``. At Baia as seen in autumn persnliche Merkmale ( Adjektive die den Person krperlich identifiers change... As being a small population of Saxons continues to live in Transylvania have no relationship with the Anglo-Saxons nor... 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