The fifth pillar of Islam is the pilgrimage to Mecca - the hajj. They will guide a lot there. Your post is really great and I really appreciate your work. Calligraphy - the art of "beautiful writing" -continues to be something that is not only highly prized as ornament and decoration but is immensely practical and useful as well. His caliphate was a high point in early Islamic history. Its restoration, begun in the early years of this century, is still under way. Great information for Muslims I really enjoyed reading your blog because I want to get knowledge about Islam. To the west, they took North Africa, in a continuation of the campaign led by 'Uqbah ibn Nafi' who founded the city of Kairouan - in what is now Tunisia - and from there rode all the way to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. The creation of the office of the vizier was only one of the innovations the 'Abbasids brought to statecraft. But the Fatimids' dreams of gaining control of the Islamic heartland came to nothing, partly because many other independent states refused to support them and partly because they, like the 'Abbasids in Baghdad, lost effective control of their own mercenaries. Fortunately the community immediately chose the Prophet's close companion and father-in-Law Abu Bakr, as his successor. Another significant difference is that the Arabic script has been used much more extensively for decoration and as a means of artistic expression. Elsewhere, Muslim leaders such as the Mahdi in the Sudan and 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi in Algeria took direct action. Sometime later Muhammad married Khadijah, by whom he had two sons - who did not survive - and four daughters. All of the letters are strictly speaking consonants, and unlike the Roman alphabet used for English and most European languages Arabic writing goes from right to left. In the first half of the tenth century the 'Abbasid vizier Ibn Muqlah completed the development of kufic, established some of the rules of shape and proportion that have been followed by calligraphers since his time, and was first to develop what became the traditional classification of Arabic writing into the "six styles" of cursive script: naskhi (from which most present day printing types are derived), thuluth (a more cursive outgrowth of naskhi), rayhani (a more ornate version of thuluth), muhaqqaq (a bold script with sweeping diagonal flourishes), tawqi' (a somewhat compressed variety of thuluth in which all the letters are sometimes joined to each other), and ruq'ah (the style commonly used today for ordinary handwriting in most of the Arab world). In fact, it seems quite possible that the Arab scholars used their own numerals but manipulated them in the Indian way. It is the essence of Islam. This custom, followed until recently by noble families of Mecca, Medina, Tayif, and other towns of the Hijaz, had important implications for Muhammad. This tumultuous period also saw an increase in the influence of the United States and the Soviet Union in the Middle East. And even if there be one hair binding me to my fellowmen, I do not let it break: when they pull I loosen, and if they loosen I pull. Establishment of a national home did not imply a Jewish state, the commission said. It enshrines the duty of social responsibility by which well-to-do Muslims must concern themselves about those less fortunate. It was probably during the reign of Orhan that the famous institution of the Janissaries, a word derived from the Turkish yeni cheri ("new troops"), was formed. The demands on trade also generated development of crafts. When, for example, al-Mansur died in 775 after a reign of twenty years, his son, al-Mahdi, inherited a full treasury and an empire that was more devoted to trade than war. The early 'Abbasids were also fortunate in the caliber of their caliphs, especially after Harun al-Rashid came to the caliphate in 786. Examples of more or less standard types of script such as these do not by any means exhaust the number of styles. By the tenth century, Cordoba could boast of a population of some 500,000, compared to about 38,000 in Paris. We believe this constitutes a 'fair use' of any such copyrighted material as provided for in section 107 of the US Copyright Law. The BBC is not responsible for the content of external sites. In the Arabian Peninsula the Ottomans penetrate to al-Hasa on the Arabian Gulf and to Mocha on the Red Sea. In the Middle East-North Africa region, medians of more than half favor strict criminal penalties (57%) and the execution of those who convert from Islam to another faith (56%). Later a director of the House of Wisdom, Hunayn also wrote at least twenty-nine original treatises of his own on medical topics, and a collection of ten essays on ophthalmology which covered, in systematic fashion, the anatomy and physiology of the eye and the treatment of various diseases which afflict vision. In the early days of Islam, the extension of Islamic rule had been based on an uncomplicated desire to spread the Word of God. Dutch, British, and French frigates and merchantmen followed and began establishing trading outposts along the shores of the Indian Ocean, eventually undercutting both Venetian shipping and the Mediterranean trade on which the Middle East had thrived for millennia. His death is still commemorated every year during the Islamic month of Muharram. After their forays into France were blunted by Charles Martel, the Muslims in Spain had begun to focus their whole attention on what they called al-Andalus, southern Spain (Andalusia), and to build there a civilization far superior to anything Spain had ever known. The intensified spreading of Islam due to the arrival of Aabs and Somalis, and intermarriages with the local people resulted into the Swahili people and Swahili culture. Palestine, they pointed out, had been part of the Islamic world almost continually for twelve centuries; from 636 to the First World War. Instead, France and Great Britain secretly agreed to partition most of the Arab provinces of the Ottoman Empire between them and eventually obtained mandates from the League of Nations: Britain over Iraq, Palestine, and Transjordan; France over Syria and Lebanon. Abu Bakr's caliphate was short but important. The generous terms that the invading armies usually offered made their faith accessible to the conquered populations. 1. 'Abd al-Malik's organization of government agencies was also important; it established a model for the later elaborate bureaucracies of the 'Abbasids and their successor states. In 1184 (580 H) a traveller described it as being like an enormous palace in size. Photo: Pool in the Patio de los Arrayanes reflects the grandeur of the incomparable Alhambra. Islam emerged as a new powerful yet a very strong opponent of Christianity. Read more. It covers day to day World Affairs, Politics & News. During this period scribes began the modification of the original thick and heavy kufic script into the form employed today for decorative purposes, as well as developing a number of new scripts derived from the more cursive naskhi. To a degree almost incomprehensible in the West it shapes and colors broadly, specifically, and totally the thoughts, emotions, and values of the devout Muslim's life from birth to death. During this period of his life Muhammad traveled widely. One was a system of banking and exchange so sophisticated that a letter of credit issued in Baghdad could be honored in Samarkand in Central Asia or Kairouan in North Africa. That, to a large extent, explains the drive of Muslims over the centuries to meet their economic needs through commerce, industry, agriculture and various forms of free enterprise. The 'Abbasids preserved and improved the ancient network of wells, underground canals, and waterwheels, introduced new breeds of livestock, hastened the spread of cotton, and, from the Chinese, learned the art of making paper, a key to the revival of learning in Europe in the Middle Ages. Throughout this period the Ottomans contest control of the Arabian Gulf and the Red Sea with the Portuguese, who establish themselves in Bahrain, Muscat, and Hormuz and assist Ethiopia in repulsing the Turks from the coast of East Africa. The Mansuri Hospital in Cairo, Egypt, was an important teaching hospital in medieval times. It is a rigorous fast, but its object is not mere abstinence and deprivation; it is, rather, the subjection of the passions and the purification of one's being so that the soul is brought nearer to God. In the Middle East, during these centuries, the 'Abbasids, after their victory over the Umayyads, had transformed the Umayyads' Arab empire into a multinational Muslim empire. At 'Arafat many actually do stand - from just after noon to just before sunset - but some also visit other pilgrims or the Mount of Mercy, where Muhammad delivered his farewell sermon. In the eighth century, however, they had a more convenient source: the works of Greek scientists stored in libraries in Constantinople and other centers of the Byzantine empire. Only Granada survived. The sunnah - which supplements and complements the Quran, the Word of God, and is next to it in importance - embodies the meticulously documented acts and sayings of the Prophet recorded in a body of writings called the hadith. Such developments weakened the Fatimids, but thanks to a family of viziers of Armenian origin they were able to endure until the Ayyubid succession in the second half of the twelfth century - even in the face of the eleventh-century invasion by the Seljuk Turks. But he also stood firm when, in the wake of the Prophet's death, some tribes renounced Islam; in what was a major accomplishment, Abu Bakr swiftly disciplined them. Western culture spread with Western economic and political control. One of the basic meanings of jabr in Arabic is "bonesetting," and al-Khwarazmi used it as a graphic description of one of the two operations he uses for the solution of quadratic equations. In the tenth century he proposed a plan to dam the Nile. Islamic medicine built upon the legacies of Greek and Roman physicians . The use of Arabic script has therefore tended to develop in the direction of calligraphy and the development of artistically pleasing forms of hand lettering, while in the West the trend has been toward printing and the development of ornamental and sometimes elaborate type faces. It's all color coded. 8. Thank you so much for sharing great info :). After the last circuit the pilgrims worship in the courtyard of the Mosque at the Place of Abraham, where the Patriarch himself offered prayer and, with Ishmael, stood while building the Ka'bah. Even where Arabic did not become the national language, it became the language of religion wherever Islam became established, since the Quran is written in Arabic, the Profession of Faith is to be spoken in Arabic, and five times daily the practicing Muslim must say his prayers in Arabic. Due to overwhelming content, each of these hubs can be considered a home page of its own. Photo: The cursive script shown in detail from a fourteenth-century Persian tile. If the origin of this new method was Indian, it is not at all certain that the original shapes of the Arabic numerals also were Indian. He directed the cleaning and reopening of the canals that irrigated the Tigris-Euphrates Valley - a key to the prosperity of Mesopotamia since the time of the Sumerians - introduced the use of the Indian water buffalo in the riverine marshes, and minted a standard coinage which replaced the Byzantine and Sassanid coins, until then the sole currencies in circulation. The greatest scientist of the medieval world was a 10th century Arab by the name of Ibn al-Haytham. The standing is not the end of the hajj, but is the culmination of a Muslim's devotional life. Western forms have been adapted as much as they have been adopted, and healthy hybrid forms and concepts abound. Islam in Middle Eastern Societies The Muslim populations of the Middle East make up only 44% of the total world Muslim population of the world (see "Muslim-Majority Countries of the Middle East" chart).. A basis for understanding the role of Islam in Middle Eastern societies, is the distinction between its doctrine and the cultural practices which are done in the name of Islam or which . The fact that the prophet Muhammad had been a merchant made the role of merchants in Islamic society even more important, as there was now increased respect for the position. The Prophet, in another Hadith, once said that nine-tenths of all rizk (the bounty of God, which includes income) is derived from commerce. Alerted by a chain of signal fires stretching from Iraq to Egypt, the Mamluks were able to marshal their forces in time to meet, and crush, the Mongols at 'Ayn Jalut near Nazareth in Palestine. These struggles were later romanticized and distorted in a wave of books and films on, for example, Gordon of Khartoum and the French Foreign Legion. Impressed by Thabit's learning, Muhammad personally presented him to the caliph, who was in turn so impressed that he appointed Thabit court astrologer. Where the Muslim religion went, the Arabic language and Arabic writing also went. Click on these beautiful images & start exploring the theme/value behind it. Even in his own clan there were those who rejected his teachings, and many merchants actively opposed the message. In addition to education, contact with the West led to improvements in medical care and the introduction of Western techniques in agriculture, commerce, and industry. Politically and economically, the Mongol invasions were disastrous. On the east coast of Africa, and based upon its proximity to the Arabian Peninsula, Arabs and Africans quickly became co-religionists . and A.D. 70. This section is more for the technologically minded. This group is known as ahl alsunnah wa-l-jama'ah, "the people of custom and community," or Sunnis, who consider the caliph to be Muhammad's successor only in his capacity as ruler of the community. As he could no longer rely on the loyalty of his army, al-Mu'tasim recruited an army of Turks from Transoxania and Turkestan. Requiring a high degree of engineering skill, qanats were built some fifty feet underground with a very slight inclination over long distances to tap underground water and were provided with manholes so that they could be cleaned and repaired. The most imposing of the many fortresses built by the Crusaders the elegant Krak des Chevaliers in Syria (top) held out against the Muslims for over a century and a half. The result was to wipe out much of the priceless cultural, scientific, and technological legacy that Muslim scholars had been preserving and enlarging for some five hundred years. Guide us in the straight path, One of the administrators, the Persian Nizam-al-Mulk, became one of the greatest statesmen of medieval Islam. By the time 'Abd al-Rahman reached Spain, the Arabs from North Africa were already entrenched on the Iberian Peninsula and had begun to write one of the most glorious chapters in Islamic history. Building the railway was undertaken in 1900 by Sultan Abdul-Hamid, as a pan-Islamic project. For the West, however, the Crusaders' greatest achievement was the opening of the eastern Mediterranean to European shipping. Islam did much more than geographically define Europe, however. This tolerance was typical of Islam. Photo: A forest of eight hundred and fifty pillars connected by Moorish arches lines the great mosque of Cordoba. As a result of Arab rule many northern Africans were converted to Islam. Read more. The early rise of Islam (632-700) The Muslim community spread through the Middle East through conquest, and the resulting growth of the Muslim state provided the ground in which the recently . Cultural Impact. His reign is now the most famous in the annals of the 'Abbasids - partly because of the fictional role given him in The Thousand and One Nights (portions of which probably date from his reign), but also because his reign and those of his immediate successors marked the high point of the 'Abbasid period. The religious leader, in turn, was responsible to the sultan or his representatives for such details as the payment of taxes. After its development in Turkey, it spread to the Arab countries and is in use today for formal documents and also as architectural decoration. Photo: A Moorish-built tower soars above Guadalquivir River in Seville. Islamic calligraphers have experimented endlessly and have been extremely imaginative. When they saw that the web was unbroken, the Meccans passed by and Muhammad and Abu Bakr went on to Medina, where they were joyously welcomed by a throng of Medinans as well as the Meccans who had gone ahead to prepare the way. No description, however, can fully capture the overwhelming importance of the Quran to Muslims. As they grew in importance to the economy these craftsmen eventually organized themselves into mutual-benefit societies which in some ways were similar to later Western guilds and which offered many social services: lodging travelers, engaging in pious works such as caring for orphans, and endowing schools. Architectural monuments spanning a thousand years bear witness to the spread of Islam. This work proposed that the ideal city be founded on moral and religious principles from which would flow the physical infrastructure. Of the three great civilizations of western Eurasia and North Africa, that of Christian Europe began as the least developed in virtually all aspects of material and intellectual culture, well behind the Islamic states and Byzantium. Photo: Symbol of the oneness and centrality of God, the Ka'bah stands in the courtyard of Mecca's Sacred Mosque where at the season of the hajj the faithful gather for rituals that precede and end their pilgrimage. Some of these states made important contributions to Islamic culture. In some ways the 'Abbasids were more fortunate than the Umayyads. In the early years of Islam in Africa, before the Malian Mansa left for Mecca, the principal interaction between Arabs and Africans was through the markets and the hajj. Scholars, for example, in collecting and reexamining the hadith, or "traditions" - the sayings and actions of the Prophet - compiled immense biographical detail about the Prophet and other information, historic and linguistic, about the Prophet's era. The cloth trade produced a number of auxiliary exports: gold and silver thread for embroidery, gum from the Sudan for glazing, and needles, looms, and dyestuffs. One was square and angular and was called kufic (after the town of Kufa in Iraq, though it was in use well before the town was founded). He astounded them still further when he set their fears at rest by negotiating a generous treaty in which he told them: In the name of God you have complete security for your churches which shall not be occupied by the Muslims or destroyed. It made it possible to put books within the reach of everyone. Each millet was relatively autonomous, was ruled by its own religious leader, and retained its own laws and customs. The latter impact manifests today because there is a lot of animosity between Christians and Muslims (especially in the Middle East). What the envoys saw and heard had impressed them and they had invited Muhammad to settle in Medina. By contrast, fewer Muslims back severe criminal punishments in Southeast Asia (median of 46%), Central Asia (38%), and Southern and Eastern Europe (36%). There are many accounts from the period about the early Muslim conquests, but much of the material is unreliable and written to present things in a way that glorified the victors and their God As explanations for the great events of the seventh century these are at best partial. Modern musical scales are also said to derive from the Arabic alphabet. However, there is one prominent difference, which is essentially political rather than religious, and concerns the choice of the caliph or successor of Muhammad. After Muhammad had preached publicly for more than a decade, the opposition to him reached such a high pitch that, fearful for their safety, he sent some of his adherents to Ethiopia, where the Christian ruler extended protection to them, the memory of which has been cherished by Muslims ever since. Muslims believe that Muhammad is the last in a line of prophets that includes Abraham, Moses, and Jesus, and that the Quran is the . Islam, they say, was revealed through a long line of prophets inspired by God. Here, you will also find the links to the most visited sections of IslamiCity, such as Prayer times, Hijri Converter, Phonetic Search, Quran Section, IslamiCity Bazar and more. According to a bibliography of his writings al-Razi wrote 184 works, including a huge compendium of his experiments, observations, and diagnoses with the title al-Hawi, "The All-Encompassing.". To obtain them, of course, the Muslims had to export too, often using the imports from one region as exports to another: pearls from the Gulf, livestock from the Arabian Peninsula (particularly Arabian horses and camels), and - one of the chief products - cloth. Praise be to God, Lord of the Worlds; These successes, however, were qualified by serious administrative weaknesses. The Golden Age also, little by little, transformed the diet of medieval Europe by introducing such plants as plums, artichokes, apricots, cauliflower, celery, fennel, squash, pumpkins, and eggplant, as well as rice, sorghum, new strains of wheat, the date palm, and sugarcane. In fact, the Hijrah was not a flight but a carefully planned migration which marks not only a break in history - the beginning of the Islamic era- but also, for Muhammad and the Muslims, a new way of life. } else { Shortly afterwards the Muslim army attacked the Sassanid Empire in Iraq, gaining a massive victory in 637 at the Battle of Qadasiya, and gradually conquering more and more of Iraq over the next dozen years. Important books were written on soil analysis, water, and what kinds of crops were suited to what soil. As a result the city was dominated by powerful merchant families among whom the men of Quraysh were preeminent. Ethnic Arabs comprise only about 15-18 percent of the world's 1.2 billion Muslims. The belief in the unity of God was paramount in Islam; from this all else followed. This was one of the most significant events in the history of ideas. These territorial acquisitions brought the Arabs into contact with previously unknown ethnic groups who embraced Islam and would later influence the course of Islamic history. At Damascus, for example, the Muslim leader Khalid ibn al-Walid signed a treaty which read as follows: This is what Khalid ibn al-Walid would grant to the inhabitants of Damascus if he enters therein: he promises to give them security for their lives, property and churches. Proximity to the caliphate in 786 Peninsula the Ottomans penetrate to al-Hasa on the Red Sea it enshrines duty. The Umayyads legacies of Greek and Roman physicians al-Rashid came to the caliphate in 786 must concern about. Line of prophets inspired by God section 107 of the world & # x27 ; s billion. The physical infrastructure the Red Sea 'Abd al-Qadir al-Jazairi in Algeria took direct.. 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